Each measure must be ended with a "bar" of some kind. There are several kinds:
Keyword Meaning bar ordinary bar line dblbar double bar repeatstart beginning of repeated section repeatboth end of one repeated section and beginning of another repeatend end of repeated section endbar heavy double bar line used at end of song invisbar no bar line printed restart end staffs and begin anew
In addition, the bar and dblbar types can be preceeded by the word "dashed" or "dotted" to produce dashed or dotted bar lines.
1: mr; bar 1: mr; dblbar 1: mr; dashed bar 1: mr; dotted dblbar 1: mr; repeatstart 1: mr; repeatboth 1: mr; repeatend 1: mr; endbar
Sometimes music is printed without bar lines. The "invisbar" can be used in this case, to fulfill Mup's requirement to specify some sort of bar after every measure without actually printing bar lines.
The restart is a special kind of bar. It follows immediately after another
bar line without any intervening music data. (That is, you can't have
any notes. You can use score or staff context things, like changing time or
key signature.) It would be most commonly used for something like a short coda.
score staffs=2 brace=1-2 staff 2 clef=bass music 1-2: c;d;e;f; rom above 1: 3 "D.C. al Coda"; dblbar // The restart follows a bar // without any music data in between. restart rom above 1: 1 "Coda"; 1-2: f;e;d;c; endbar
There are several optional directives that can follow the bar line keyword. They can be specified in any order and are described below.
One optional directive is padding.
It can be used to force Mup to place extra white space to
the left of the bar line. It is specified by the keyword "pad" followed
by a number of stepsizes of padding to add. For example:
dblbar pad 3
It is also possible to associate a
location tag
with a bar line.
For example:
// Associate tag "_bar6" with bar line bar =_bar6 // Do double bar with an extra stepsize of // padding, and associate tag "q" // with the bar line dblbar pad 1 =q
The y coordinate of a bar line is not very useful. Special rules apply if a bar line happens to be placed at the end of a score. Any locations taken relative to the bar that would be to the right of the bar are treated as if the bar line were at the beginning of the following score, just beyond the clef and time and key signatures, if any.
First and second endings, etc. can be designated at bar lines.
This is done with the keyword "ending," followed by a
quoted string to use as the label for the ending that should begin at the
bar line. An ending will span bars until either another ending is specified,
the piece ends, or the
special keyword "endending" is used. Examples:
bar ending "1." repeatend ending "2-3" endbar endending
The ending label will always be forced into 12 point times roman font. If you change font or size or include special characters in the ending label, the output is not likely to be aligned properly.
The "endingstyle" parameter controls where endings are placed. Endings cannot start at or cross over a restart bar.
Rehearsal letters or numbers
can be specified on any bar line. There are four formats:
rehearsal let
rehearsal num
rehearsal mnum
rehearsal "label"
In the first example, a rehearsal letter will be placed on the bar. The
first occurrence of this will become rehearsal "A", the next "B", and so
forth. The second format works in a similar fashion except that numbers are
used rather than letters. With the third format, the current measure
number is used. With the last format, any arbitrary string
within the quotes will be used. The keyword "rehearsal" can be
abbreviated to "reh" if you wish. Only one rehearsal mark is allowed on
any one bar, but the types can be mixed throughout the composition.
(Note that mixing "num" with "mnum" is likely to be very confusing, however.)
The rehearsal marks can be intermixed with other bar options:
1: 1c; dblbar reh num ending "1" 1: 1e; repeatend pad 1 =_xyz reh let ending "2." 1: 1g; bar rehearsal "Duet" 1: 1ce; endbar endending
The rehearsal marks are normally put directly above the bar line. However, if the bar line falls at the end of a score, the rehearsal mark will be placed at the beginning of the following score, after the clef, key signature, and time signature. The "endingstyle" parameter is used to determine which staffs get rehearsal marks. The "rehstyle" parameter specifies whether to put rehearsal marks inside a box or a circle or leave them plain.
The rehearsal keyword may be followed by a specification for fontfamily,
font, and/or (size).
Once specified, these remain in effect
for any future rehearsal marks, until explictly changed. Some examples:
bar rehearsal helvetica bold (14) let repeatend reh newcentury num invisbar reh rom (10) mnum
After all the options listed above, you may specify "dist N" where
N is some number of stepsizes. This will override the
dist parameter
for determining how close to the staff to place the rehearsal mark.
If the number is followed by a "!" Mup will place the mark exactly
that far from the top of the staff, even if it overwrites other things;
otherwise the value specifies a minimum distance.
rehearsal num dist 5 // at least 5 stepsizes away reh bold "A1" dist 2 ! // exactly 2 stepsizes away
Mup keeps track of
measure numbers
automatically, but sometimes you may want
to override this to set the current measure number to some specific value.
This is done by adding "mnum=number on a bar line,
which will set the current measure number to the given number.
// Set the current measure number to 50 dblbar mnum=50
Generally in printed music, when a
time signature
or key signature
change occurs at the beginning of a score, these changes are also printed at
the very end of the previous score,
to make it clear there is a change coming up.
Mup normally does this, but occasionally you may not want that behavior.
Sometimes you may want to make a new score appear like the beginning
of a new piece. If you wish to suppress the printing of time signature,
key signature, and clef
changes at the end of the preceding score,
you can use the "hidechanges"
keyword on the bar line at which the changes occur.
Hidechanges cannot be used on a restart bar.
1: c;d;e;f; bar // change time/key with normal treatment newscore score time=5/4 ; key = 1& music 1: d;e;f;2g; // don't show changes at end of previous score bar hidechanges newscore score time=6/4 ; key = 2# music 1: d;e;f;2.g; bar
